Verb Tense System

Each tense adds a suffix to the verb with an accompanying auxiliary for each aspect except simple. The suffix and auxiliary for the verb depends on declension, but remains largely the same. It changes based on voice/mood.

In the case of STV̄ΔAE, and all other second declension verbs, there are patterns. The continual auxiliary verb, 𐤉A𐤓Ē, is only one letter off from WA𐤓Ē, the completed auxiliary verb.

To move this into passive, we change the Ē in the auxiliary verbs to an Ā. The Δ suffixes change to a B, and QE to CА̄.

We’ll use WIDĒ as an example of the passive voice here.

EZO CĀNV̄M WIDĒΔ

I Saw the dog

Since “dog” is the object, we put it in the oblique case. If we want the dog to be seen by me, we have to change things around a bit. It’s still the same information, I am seeing the dog, but its arranged to emphasize the dog. First, since the dog is now “controlling” the verb, we put it in the nominative case. Then, we need to add the preposition “Ā” ,meaning by, before “EZO.” Ezo now needs to be in the oblique case. Then, we need to conjugate the verb. So, we get this:

CА̄NIS ĀEZEM 𐤉A𐤓ĀB WIDĒB

The dog was seen by me

Lit. Dog by me was seen